Is this really a non-native European Honeybee (Apis mellifera), one of the first insects to be domesticated, brought to the New World by European colonists in the early 1600s? Perhaps it didn't get the memo: "In addition to toxic seeds, the buckeye's leaves, shoots, and flowers are poisonous. All contain the neurotoxin glycoside aesculin, which is destructive to red blood cells. Although ruminants can feed on very young shoots without harm, and squirrels are able to tolerate the nuts, this toxin protects the buckeye from damage or death by grazing animals. As Ridgeway points out, 'the sweetly fragrant flowers of this tree provide a rich pollen and nectar source for native bees, hummingbirds, and many species of butterflies' and are toxic only to non-native honey bees. Honey bees that do survive after ingesting buckeye toxins reproduce “buckeyed-bees” that hatch with deformed, crippled wings or malformed legs and bodies." [Source: The Real Dirt Blog, written by UC Master Gardeners of Butte County, 3/22/2019. See Sue Ridgeway, The Bisexual California Buckeye – sinner or survivalist? UCANR website:
http://sonomamg.ucanr.edu/Plant_of_the_Month/Aesculus_californica_-_California_buckeye/ .] Sue Ridgeway confirms that buckeyes have male, female, and "bisexual" flowers on the same tree, and adds: "Aesculus californica, bearing a profusion of pollinator attracting, erect, white, fragrant inflorescences (flower spikes) up to eight inches long, is polygamo-monoecious; a tree with both unisexual and bisexual flowers on the same tree. Because they have all four characteristics of a flower: sepals, petals, stamen and pistil, bisexual flowers are referred to as 'complete' or 'perfect' flowers." Of course, most flowering plants have only bisexual flowers. How dare they! 8:40:30 am.